Get Rid Of Acne – Discover Some Of The Best Ways To Stop Acne Fast
Acne is a complicated problem that affects a significant number of people around the world. Finding a solution to acne can be a difficult task for those suffering from it. There are many different Acne Treatment products out there and it can get confusing as to which one to start with. The truth is that there is no single solution to acne and it will require some effort and persistence on your part to try different approaches until you find one that works for you.
Different acne treatments have worked for many people so pick one treatment you feel comfortable with and stick with it at least for a few weeks before you decide whether or not it is working. Here are some acne treatment options that have been used by many people to help cure their acne permanently.
- Acne Treatment Creams and Cleansers
Many acne researchers and scientists believe that acne is caused by the sebaceous glands on our skin. There are many systems that have been developed that focus on cleaning the skin. They consist of skin cleansers that help to eliminate Excess Oil and dirt, sometimes they will come with a toner to help exfoliate the skin and finally they usually have some sort of cream you apply to help prevent acne from recurring throughout the day.
These types of systems have worked well for many and may indeed be worth looking into if you have not done so already. Look for products with as many natural ingredients as possible as these will be the least harsh on your skin and will not dry out your skin excessively.
These kinds of acne treatment systems focus on both cleaning the skin and also keeping your internal environment clean. Many people believe that acne is caused by impurities both on the inside and outside of your body. They will usually involve taking part in some sort of internal cleansing program to help purify your inner system. They will also have or recommend the use of cleansers and such as discussed above to keep the skin clean and Oil Free.
There are actually many different ways to do an internal cleanse. Juice fasting may be one of the best ways to accomplish this. By taking part in a juice fast for two to three days once every 2 to 3 weeks it can help to detoxify your inner system. Getting some kind of a juicer is often a good idea when you are juice fasting.
You want to avoid the juice found in stores because they will usually contain lots of preservatives and other chemicals. The best thing to do is to buy fresh fruit, ideally organic, and then to use a juicer to extract the juice from it. This will ensure you are getting the maximum amount of nutrition possible during the fasting.
If you do not like the idea of juice fasting then consider going to a local health food store and ask about some of the internal cleansing kits that are on sale. These will usually require taking some All Natural pills and drinks specially formulated to detoxify your body.
Stress relief is also a major part of any Natural Acne Treatment program. Many people believe that excess stress is a major contributing factor to causing acne. Taking part in stress reduction activities is very important. There are many easy ways to reduce stress. Starting an exercise program can be a great way to get rid of stress that builds up during the day. Meditation can also be an effective way to eliminate stress.
A simple meditation exercise is to simply focus on your breathing. Put your mental attention on your breath as you inhale and exhale. If you start thinking about other things then gently bring your attention back to the breath. Do this for 5 to 10 minutes each day. This will help to develop a quiet mind which is often the most peaceful and least stressful way to think. Hopefully one or more of these approaches will help to get rid of your acne permanently.
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This well-organized, authoritative book helps women find products that make them look great without spending a fortune. From drugstores and home shopping to department stores and catalogs, Paula Begoun reviews all the major cosmetic and skin-care lines, product by product, with more than 30,000 total. Regardless of cost, there are good and bad products in almost every line, and with the turn of a …
Let’s accept the fact: many of us are skin conscious. As much as possible, we wanted to have a fresh, good looking skin. However, many of us failed to recognize that simple steps are the best ways to attain it. We just tend to ignore what is actually right or wrong for our skin. We tend to buy some beauty products that just worsen whatever skin imperfections we have as it turns out in the end. S…
Let’s accept the fact: many of us are skin conscious. As much as possible, we wanted to have a fresh, good looking skin. However, many of us failed to recognize that simple steps are the best ways to attain it. We just tend to ignore what is actually right or wrong for our skin. We tend to buy some beauty products that just worsen whatever skin imperfections we have as it turns out in the end. S…
Let’s start with the basics. Microdermabrasion is a medical process by which the outer layer of dead skin cells (stratum corneum) is removed using light abrasion. The procedure is painless, requires no anaesthetic and is like a strong version of exfoliating, as opposed to dermabrasion which more like using sandpaper and is generally far more painful.
Microdermabrasion is designed to trigger the regrowth of damaged or scarred skin. Think of it like pruning a tree – if the tree has damaged or unhealthy extremities (leaves, branches, etc) gardeners will trim off these areas so that the tree will grow back healthy replacements. Imagine that you are scraping off the layer of your skin that has Acne Scars to induce your body’s natural healing ability to grow new skin cells in the affected area.
Even without reading the reviews, you can see that the nature of the microdermabrasion process makes it ideal when the scar is above or level with the surrounding skin. It is fairly easy to scrape off dead skill when it is sticking out. But most of you will already be aware that most acne scars, particularly pitted acne scars (or ‘craters’ in severe cases), are sunken into the skin. This makes the process slightly less effective on acne scars than on other types of scars, or damaged skin, but not a total waste of time. Using microdermabrasion as an Acne Scar treatment simply requires the treatment of the areas of skin surrounding the scars in order to effectively abrade the entire scar. Severe cases will take several more treatments than that of moderate cases of acne scars.
Before we get into the details, there is a warning. If you have taken Accutane, or similar isotretinoin medication, in the past 12 months then you should not use microdermabrasion. I know that you want to, especially if the accutane has cleared up your acne and you just want to clear up the scars, but it is very important that you do not. Accutane works by reducing the sebum produced by the sebaceous glands in your skin, which also reduces some of your skin’s healing abilities. Use of microdermabrasion while, or shortly after, taking accutane can lead to permanent scaring of the abraded area of skin. Just wait a year before using it.
There are several different techniques used today, the most common of which is an exfoliating-style cream. Salons and home kits will usually be in this form, with tiny organic particles or crystals in the cream grazing the skin (like an exfoliator), gradually removing the scarred tissue.
Some traditional estheticians or treatment facilitators may still use high-pressure handheld machines to spray aluminium/zinc oxide crystals at the affected skin (“sandblasting”) and extract the damaged skin cells. However, salons and clinics are increasingly turning to the ‘diamond peel’ method. Diamond microdermabrasion is similar to the crystal method mentioned above with the dead skin and dirt sucked out through a vacuum tube but with a diamond-tipped rod or wand, used to polish the skin and remove the scar tissue, replacing the high-pressure crystal flow. This makes the diamond technique far more accurate and less irritative to the skin.
Now some home treatment kits will advertise that your skill will have a ‘nice healthy glow’ after using the microdermabrasion cream, but this should not be the case. If your skin is glowing after a so-called ‘abrasion’ then it is probably more like just an exfoliator. Proper abrasion will leave some redness in the treated area of skin, and in some cases even slight irritation. Of course, if all you have is small red spots then you may not need to apply the cream so intensely so the skin need not be as red or irritated as those with severe acne scarring, but it should still be sensitive. You should still feel the air on your skin, almost like it is exposed for the first time.
Obviously if you get the treatment done in a spa or beauty salon it will be more effective, and even more so at medical clinic, but like most things you get what you pay for and the good ones aren’t cheap. A home kit can cost anywhere from $50-$200 (I wouldn’t trust anything cheaper) and it will generally a few treatments with each purchase. Well-known salons will generally charge you $100-$300 per treatment, depending on their customer service, popularity, and the products they use but most salons will have a package deal to give you a discount if you pay for a few treatments upfront. Medically performed microdermabrasion, while the safest and most effective method, can cost anything up to $400 per session. Microdermabrasion is certainly not the cheapest acne Scar Treatment on the market but costs are relative. What is a few hundred dollars when you weigh it against clear, scar-free (or at least scar-reduced) skin?
Overall, I think that microdermabrasion is one of the better acne scar treatment options available on the market today. It is affordable, at least compared with laser treatment, effective in most cases when done correctly and relies on your body’s own ability to regenerate. Results will differ from person to person depending on severity and application, like any other Acne Treatment, but I would suggest that, before you spend a lot a few thousand dollars on laser treatment, you give it a try. It should work in most cases. Let me know how it goes.
About the Author
George Cleanthous suffered from acne for over 10 years. He researched and investigated acne and acne treatments for over 2 years and he now writes a blog on acne causes, acne treatments, acne symptoms, acne medicine, and general information on how to deal with acne. For the most effective research on acne, visit Acne.
Diamond Peeling microDERMABRASION is a new technique that exfoliates and gently resurfaces the skin, promoting the formation of new, smoother, and clearer skin. It uses non-invasive action with natural diamonds located on the tip to naturally exfoliate your skin. It is safe, painless, and quick, with sessions taking only 10 minutes. Diamond Peeling can diminish the look of fine lines & wrinkles, a…
The Diamond Dermabrasion, it is a creative improvement of the Micro-crystal Dermabrasion. The Diamond Dermabrasion provides a non-surgical skin refinish procedure, by using sterile diamond heads to abrade or rub off the top skin layer, then Vacuuming out the particles along with any dirt and dead skin back up.
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Learn about Microdermabrasion: Skin Care and Beauty Tips
Today most of the companies and their employers are quite concerned about the better health and the working ability of their employees. Most of the employers try to get the most out of their employees so that they can have better results. And for that very reason it is that most of the employers want their employees to be out of the clutches of any kind of drugs. It has become a common fact of testing drugs at the work place. And these days it has become such that before joining your workplace you should pass a drug test. And not only that periodic drug testing for the employees is also in practice to make sure that they have not grown the addiction of any kind of drugs after joining the concern. Hence the employees need to remain aware so that they may not prove positive of any kind of drugs to protect their job.
There are mainly three stages of drug test that an employee should pass i.e. pass a Urine test, pass a Saliva test and pass a Hair test. All these are done to ensure that the employee is not under any kind of drug addiction. According to the recent data employees are found to be prone to have been using benzodiazepines or oxycodone as anti-anxiety medicines and painkillers. As these drugs are prescribed medicines the data is not clear that whether they are used for their proper usage or the employees have got addicted to these medicines. According to the latest surveys it is found that the uses of illegal drugs have been found to have decreased to a great extent in the last 20 years. And the good news is that the uses of cocaine have decreased by about 29% according to drug testing surveys in 2008 in relation to 2007.
If you want to clear a drug test then you must ensure that there is not any metabolized trace of drug in your body. You must acquire some knowledge about the time period that a toxin stays in your system. And then take a proper counter way to pass a drug test. If you find out that your test is a hair follicle drug test, you need to purchase a product to prepare for your corporate drug testing. Test Clear carries two different products for hair follicle drug testing. The first product is Clear Choice shampoo. Clear Choice is actually a shampoo and a purifier, which are rolled into one easy to product. Clear Choice shampoo is ideal for corporate drug testing of the hair because it provides an eight hour Clear Zone. The second product is Nexxus Aloe Rid shampoo. Nexxus Aloe Rid is the ideal compliment to Clear Choice, and it is also the best product for individuals facing random corporate drug testing.
Therefore it comes that you need to pass all these tests so that there may not be found any tresses of the usage of drugs in your body in order to keep your job in safety.
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Tired Of The Cold And Flue Season, Fight Colds With Echinacea Other Herbs!
When fall and winter arrive, does it seem like you always get sick? Don’t fear the changing seasons anymore – there is help. One of the most effective way to reduce the frequency of colds is by washing your hands on a regular basis. Studies have suggested that by washing your hands can reduce your chances of getting a cold by 50%. (1,2) Other ways of protecting your body from the dreaded yearly cold or flu is by taking an herb called echinacea.
Echinacea (pronounced eck-in-AY-sha) is a safe and effective herb to help the body fight off colds or prevent them entirely. When Echinacea is combined with other herbs that boost the immune system, you will get even greater cold and flu protection. (3,4)
You might be wondering what the difference is between having a cold and having the flu. Both have similar symptoms but very in severity. If you have a cold, you may experience sneezing, watery eyes, congestion, and runny nose. These symptoms usually last a week or so and make life miserable for a short time. With the flu, symptoms start out like a cold but taking a turn for the worst and escalating rapidly. Symptoms can consist of fever, chills, headache, dry cough, sore throat, runny and stuffy nose, severe fatigue, weakness, body aches, and muscle pain. The fever, muscle pain, and aches may go away in a few days with the flu, but the tiredness and fatigue can last weeks.
There are over 200 different viruses known to cause the flu. (1) Influenza viruses are classified by types. Type A, B, or C, each type is capable of causing the flu. People tend to catch a cold when the weather is cool and wet. When it is cold and wet outside, people tend to stay indoors more and more close contact with others pass the flu virus from person to person.
You might wonder why there is not a cure for the common cold or flu. The flu virus continually mutates and changes each year making it difficult to fight. With the increased use of antibiotics these viruses have managed to build up an immunity making it harder to fight every year. Research has developed over-the-counter (OTC) medicines to help treat the common cold or flu, but consuming such medicines might prolong the length of the disease and increase the length of the misery. There are also potential side effects of using OTC cold and flu medications. (5,6)
There are a variety of OTC medications available today such as decongestants to dry up the runny nose and relieve sneezing and watery eyes. For those aches and pains there is acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen. Aspirin and ibuprofen can help bring down a fever. Both of these fever reducing products come at a cost, they can cause gastrointestinal upset. (7,8) Also, aspirin should not be given to children because it has been linked to the development of Reye’s syndrome, a rare and possibly fatal illness. (1,2)
Acetaminophen used over a long period of time can cause liver and kidney failure. Daily doses of no more than 4000 mgs should be taken to prevent any kind of complications with acetaminophen. Decongestants can cause all sorts of problems such as high blood pressure, accelerated heart beat, heart palpitations, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, anxiety, and insomnia. Decongestants can increase the length of nasal congestion so use should be limited if possible. (9,10) The common cold or flu can leave you suffering if left untreated, but nobody wants to prolong the symptoms. Lucky for us there is another answer, echinacea, cedar leaf, and wild indigo root are natural remedies that can help reduce the severity and length of the common cold.
Contrary to the medical establishment’s belief, herbal extracts are really effective for colds and flu. Echinacea is one of the most effective remedies on the market today. This plant has a beautiful purple cone flower in the summer and helps treat common cold symptoms along with reducing infections after being exposed to them. (11)
Back when settlers came to America, they had trouble the first winter and the Native Americans inhabiting the land showed them echinacea to treat illnesses and injuries. Knowledge of herbs was passed down to settlers who discovered its ability to treat the common cold and flu. In 1920, doctors were prescribing echinacea and other herbs to help heal the body, but in the 1930s sulfa drugs came out and herbal remedies were quickly forgotten. Echinacea gave way to antibiotics to treat colds and flu in America, but over in Europe herbs are still used regularly. Scientists in Germany continued to study echinacea and its properties, now there are over 280 commercial preparations containing echinacea in Germany. (12) Also, in Germany a discovery was made by combining white cedar leaf and wild indigo root with echinacea, combined to increase immune system health which helps one fight off the common cold and flu.
Herbal extracts gained more interest in the early 1960’s where echinacea gained a loyal following ever since. To date echinacea continues to be and impressive herb against colds and flu. There are three varieties of echinacea available in your health food store. These popular varieties are echinacea angustifolia, echinacea purpurea, and echinacea pallida. Most studies done on echinacea were the purpurea and pallida variety.
Because echinacea works so well, there has been quite a bit of research done to discover why it helps so well with colds and flu. Antibiotics kill the disease that causes sickness, echinacea on the other hand boosts the immune system, to be specific echinacea boosts the production of macrophage an aspect of the immune system that engulfs bacteria and viruses killing them. Macrophage is the body’s first defense against invading bacteria and viruses. Echinacea also helps enhance the function of monocytes, blood cells that mature into macrophage. Echinacea boosts the number of natural killer (NK) cells and those cells activity in the body. NK cells are programmed to seek out and kill invading bodies such as viruses.
Echinacea also boosts the production of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferons. Along with echinacea, white cedar leaf and wild indigo both boost the production of TNF, macrophage and interferon production in the body.
Safety might be a concern to those who are considering echinacea, white cedar leaf and wild indigo as a remedy. The German Commission E recommends (GCE) the use of these herbs only if you do not have an autoimmune disease such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, HIV, or AIDS. Because these herbs boost the immune system, one with the above autoimmune diseases would not want over activation of their immune system which might progress the disease. Allergic reaction may occur in some who are allergic to rag weed or plants in the sunflower family. The GCE also recommends short term use of echinacea no more than 6 weeks. Wild indigo and white cedar leaf do not have this limitation and can be taken year round.
The amount of echinacea consumed by an individual should be measured by the age of an individual. For adults and children over 12, one should consume 7.5mg of standardized echinacea 3 times a day to fight a cold. White cedar leaf should be taken in 2 mg doses 3 times a day and wild indigo should be taken in 10 mg doses 3 times a day as well.
If you are around someone who has a cold, remember to wash your hands on a regular basis and the dosing of herbs mentioned above can be followed to help fight off a cold before it starts. Echinacea is used more often then any other herb in the United States this is because it works. Do not worry if you have not gotten a flu shot, there is hope in herbs such as echinacea, white cedar leaf and wild indigo root that can help boost your immune system to keep you strong and healthy throughout the cold season. These and many other wonderful herbs can be found at your local health food store.
References:
1. The Common Cold. National Institutes of Health Web site. Available at: www. niaid. nih. gov/factsheets/cold.htm. Accessed on April 30, 2001.
2. Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: wwwcdc. gov/ncidod/diseases/flu/fluinfo.htm. Accessed April 30, 2001.
3. Wustenberg R, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Kohler G, Stammwitz U. Efficacy and mode of action of an immunomodulator herbal preparation containing echinacea, wild indigo, and white cedar. Adv Ther. 1999;16:51-70.
4. Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Hentschel C, Schnitker J, Kohnen R, Kohler G, Wustenberg P. Efficacy and safety of a fixed combination phytomedicine in the treatment of the common cold (acute viral respiratory tract infection): results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Curr Med Res Op. 1999;15:214-227.
5. Karch AM, Karch FE. Let the user beware. OTC drugs aren’t necessarily ’safe when taken as directed.’ Am J Nurs. 2001;101:25.
6. Ornato JP. Over-the-counter stroke? Health News. 2000;6:3.
7. Hirschowitz BI, Hawkey CJ. Questions regarding future research on aspirin and the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Med. 2001;110(Suppl):S74-S78.
8. Hunt RH, Bowen B, Mortensen ER, et al. A randomized trial measuring fecal blood loss after treatment with rofecoxib, ibuprofen, or placebo in healthy subjects. Am J. Med. 2000;109:201-206.
9. Graf P. Adverse effects of benzalkonium chloride on the nasal mucosa: allergic rhinitis and rhinitis medicamentosa. Clin Ther. 1999;21:1749-1755.
10. Graf P. Rhinitis medicamentosa: aspects of pathophysiology and treatment. Allergy. 1997;52:28-34.
11. Robbers JE, Tyler VE. Echinacea. Tyler’s Herbs of Choice. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Herbal Press; 1999: 253-257
12. Foster S, Tyler VE. Echinacea. In: The Honest Herbal. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press; 1999:143-145.
About the Author
Visit VitaNet Health Foods at http://vitanetonline.com/ VitaNet sells high quality herbs like Echinacea Extract
from Now Foods. Please link to this site when using this article.
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Many products are made of stainless steel. These products can be countertops, buildings, appliances, and so much more. It is hard to list them all because everyone encounters a stainless steel item or structure every single day, which defines steel as being a very important material used in the construction of many everyday goods. Depending on the type of product depends on whether or not stainless steel needs to be sealed. Items such as countertops do not have to be sealed because they are usually one large slab placed upon a base.
However, there are certain items or even components of items that must be sealed. Take the cook stove, for instance. The cook stove may actually be made up of two different types of materials such as aluminum and stainless steel. These two metals have to be fused together in some way. Even certain components such as screws need to be altered in order to work properly with both types of metals and keep the appliance intact. There are various methods in which stainless steel is sealed and there are times when it needs to be completely sealed, partially sealed, or not sealed at all.
Aluminum and stainless steel tend to be two metals that are commonly used together. Certain components may require sealing and these components can be sealed with a corrosion resistant primer. Instances in which this sealing may occur between steel and aluminum are:
• Sealing stainless steel hinges to anodized aluminum parts
• Sealing a stainless steel bolt to inside an anodized aluminum part
• Sealing a stainless steel or aluminum rivet in a primed aluminum sheet
• Sealing a stainless steel insert into an aluminum part
• Sealing a stainless steel bearing into an aluminum part
Heat sealing
Heat sealing is another method used to seal stainless steel. This method uses heat to seal two pieces of a material together at the place in which the pieces connect. The temperature in which these materials are heat sealed reach the temperature at which fusion occurs, which also involves a certain degree of pressure.
Thermal sealing
In instances where temperature may remain constant because of a rotating wheel, the sealing is considered to be thermal sealing. The remainder of the process is the same of heat sealing because temperatures reach the point of fusion in which the two pieces of steel fuse to each other, making a very strong bond between the two.
Impulse sealing
Impulse sealing involves the heat being applied to the steel by resistance elements, which are applied to the project when the metal is relatively cool and then heated at a rapid rate. It is through this method that simultaneous cutting and sealing can be performed.
Dielectric sealing
Dielectric sealing uses radio frequency waves to induce heat within the steel. However, if ultrasonic vibrations are used in sealing, this is called ultrasonic sealing.
It is obvious to see that there are many methods of sealing. Some may even prefer to call it welding. Everyone has most likely seen someone with a welding torch and a face mask fusing together two pieces of metal. In this case, two pieces of stainless steel can be sealed together to form many types of objects and structures. Nevertheless, the next time you see two pieces of stainless steel forming a 90 degree angle, you will know how it was probably done.
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Some of the advanced acne treatments include zeno, laser and Blue Light therapy. Zeno treatment is one of the premier approaches to the treatment of this infection. It involves the use of a zeno solution or a device called zeno zapper. Zeno zapper is a hand-held portable medical device which you can buy and use at the comfort of your home. The device is designed with a bio compatible tip that can make direct contact with the blemish on your skin. The tip transfers heat to the follicle causing the bacteria to self destruct. It is also equipped with an internal chip that monitors the range. The device has also the capability to adapt to any skin type.
Another advanced Acne Treatment is the laser treatment. It is used to remove and treat Acne Scars. It involves two types of procedures, that is, laser resurfacing and fractional laser therapy. Laser resurfacing involves the use of a laser on the scarred part to burn off the top layers of the skin. Removal of the top skin triggers the inner layers of the skin to immediately start cell and collagen reproduction in a bid to replace the missing skin.
Fractional laser therapy involves the use of a laser to penetrate the inner layers of the skin without causing any damage to the top layer of your skin. You can go for this procedure when you have a protruding or a bumpy scar. Burning off the underlying layers of the skin helps to smoothen and make level the scarred area with the rest of your skin.
Another advanced acne treatment is the blue Light Therapy. It involves exposing the affected area to a low-intensity blue light source that is used to kill bacteria that are responsible for the disease. There is also a newer light therapy that combines blue and red light.
About the Author
Mercy Maranga Reports on Health and Fitness issues. Visit Her Site here for more information on acne and its treatment. Acne
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Zeno Mini White 45-count replacement treatment tip cartridge. Compatible only with the Zeno Mini Acne Clearing Device. The Zeno Mini treatment tip cartridge is programmed with a specific number of treatment cycles, indicated by the number inscribed on the cartridge. Once the treatment cycles have been exhausted, the treatment tip must be replaced….
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The company now boasts 22 employees, including scientists, farmers, international businessmen, industrial workers and of course family.
GreenEnergy`s corporate mission aims to bring large tracts of rural land under scientific but basic cultivation of bio-fuel feedstocks, bringing with it employment and entrepreneurial opportunities to potentially thousands of Vietnamese rural poor, while providing inputs for GreenEnergy`s core business, the refining and marketing of bio-diesel.
It is a win, win situation for everyone because not only does cultivation of this vegetable oil require only marginally arable, war damaged or barren land, this also means its activities do not compete with other food production which avoids putting upward pressure on food prices.
N.B (Vietnamese Government has identified seven million hectares as marginal, barren or war damaged land).
In addition GreenEnergy`s operations achieve a renewable and sustainable fuel source for Vietnam to continue its development with all the attendant social, economic and environmental benefits in producing clean energy.
Because of the scale and potential of the bio-diesel industry in Vietnam and indeed globally, where tens of millions of bio-fuel crops will have to be grown to substantially replace fossil fuels, a ‘second green revolution’ is possible, bringing with it true improvement in the lives of the rural poor and vegetable oils can play a significant role in helping to ameliorate global warming as a key aspect of climate change.
Global warming, a key aspect of climate change, now clearly recognized as a result of a concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere – has the worst impact on the climate.
Carbon dioxide, the most common of GHGs, is emitted during the burning of fossil fuels.
The Kyoto Protocol gazetted in February 2005 requires participating countries to cut carbon emissions.
Further to this, rising crude oil prices and the need to reduce dependence on imported oil has made it necessary for net oil importers to think of alternative energy sources. The precarious situation with fossil fuel supplies coupled with the ability of bio-fuels to lessen that risk, makes it feasible for the global economy to revert its focus towards agriculture and those traditionally engaged in it, thus offering a potential boon to Vietnam’s rural sector.
Full bio-diesel use would reduce net CO2 by over 78% compared to petroleum diesel and up to 16% with the use of blends comprising 20% bio-diesel.
While both fuels are almost equally efficient at converting raw energy resources into fuels, bio-diesel has a larger part that is renewable .Similarly, bio-diesel is non-toxic and environmentally friendly as it produces substantially less CO2, ensuring sustainable environmental practices.
GreenEnergy has recognized this mammoth task and has adopted a dual strategy for attaining its goals in Vietnam.
1.Public – Aggressive initiatives to “jump-start” the production side of bio-fuel feedstocks by forming a partnership with Vietnams Central Government and People’s Committees as well as aid agencies to help put large tracts of marginal land under bio-fuel crop cultivation quickly.
A memorandum of understanding and support was signed by the Peoples Committee of Binh Dinh Province and Green Energy Vietnam on the 8th of December 2006 and the 500 hectare Binh Dinh Research and Training Facility for the Cultivation of Biofuel Feedstocks has been established, known as BDF- FARMER ENERGY- a working laboratory devoted to developing the bio-fuel industry for the benefit of Vietnamese rural poor.
2.Private – Includes GEV investments to retain its ‘First Mover’ advantage by securing its proprietary feedstocks, expanding its physical plant refinery presence and continuing to build its integrated supply-chain, complete with forward contracted suppliers and customers.
It is in this first arena, Public Initiatives, that GreenEnergy sees co-operation with aid agencies.
Some of the substantial and sustainable benefits that the cultivation of bio-fuels crops can contribute to Vietnam are:
1. Real cash growth, raising the annual income of $820 to $1,300 U.S. for thousands of marginalized rural families.
2. Private homesteading for the rural poor.
3. Stress relief and barren or war damaged land reclamation.
4. Enfranchisement of poor, rural women.
5. Retention of scarce foreign currency reserves and
6. Independence from the uncertainties of global mineral oil markets.
The People`s Committee of the Province of Binh Dinh and GreenEnergy, Vietnam, in full realization of the enormous impact this Research and Training Facility will have for all of Vietnam`s rural communities, cordially invites any and all organizations seeking positive change in the livelihood of rural Vietnamese to form an active Partnership in the development of this Research and Training Facility.
The Binh Dinh Facility wants to be a catalyst in harnessing this opportunity for all stakeholders and delivering:
. A path for the rural poor to climb out of their deprivation rather than fall further behind.
. A renewable, sustainable and viable alternative to fossil fuel for Vietnam’s surging economy. and an industry that rejuvenates, rather than degrades the environment.
Introduction to the oil plant Jatropha.
The oil plant Jatrophas curcas (L) (Jatropha) or physic nut, is multipurpose and drought resistant, growing to a height range of 2 to 7 metres for the Asian species and it not only flourishes in tropical and sub-tropical climate zones but even in areas absent of water.
Because its leaves and stems are toxic to animals it is often used as a protective hedge around farm houses, gardens and fields.
It also reduces soil damage caused by erosion from wind and water and traditionally the seeds were harvested by women for medical treatments and local soap production.
In Thailand, Jatropha normally flowers twice a year, in dry and rainy seasons with seed harvesting conducted approximately 60-90 days after flowering and the oil plant has a productive life of 20 years.
Because the market is probably not yet mature enough for the plant to generate enough income solely from oil extraction, a holistic rural development approach has to be taken into account in order to exploit all potential uses of the Jatropha plant. This approach is known as the Jatropha System.
The system focuses not only on the use of the source as a fuel, but rather as an element, to activate a system combining ecologic, economic and income generating activities.
Consequently, the Jatropha System offers four main aspects of development aiming to better the livelihoods in rural areas, especially for women and farmers:
. Renewable energy- bio-diesel
. Erosion control and soil improvement
. Promotion of women and
. Income generation.
About one-third of seeds can be extracted as oil that has a similar energy value to diesel fuel. The oil is extracted by hydraulic pressure and then filtered through an intensive sleeve that can then be readily used without any complicated refinery process, directly available for small diesel engines as a substitution for diesel oil, without engine modification.
This oil can power engines, such as water pumps, tractors, hand mowers, other farm machinery and rice milling machines and by using this domestically produced oil as a substitution for imported oil, significant cash savings can be made.
GreenEnergy Ltd have already committed a considerable amount of time, money and resources to this environmentally sound an economically sustainable project in Vietnam and welcome further input from other interested parties.
It is also their belief that at an international level, stakeholders involved should perform a three pronged approach, with mutual knowledge, technology transfer, genetic development of high oil content in the seeds and exchange of Jatropha species, together with investment and trade linkage.
About the Author
For further information on this renewable energy with great potential, please contact:
“The second Green Revolution
For further information on this renewable energy with great potential. Please visit Green Energy.
“The second Green Revolution with cellulose and jatropha, can give us two agro-routes toa world without gasoline.” Mukesh Ambani India’s Leading Industrialist
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Dealing with Confusion, Indecision, and Frustration when Trying to Meet Your Match
The divorce rate is rising not only in the US and Canada, but in the UK and Australia, as well. Many couples are unaware of the necessary relationship skills and strategies needed to make good partner choices, and build lasting, loving relationships.
Dr. Jackie Black, a doctor of psychology and relationship coach says, “We create our life and our love life through our beliefs, intensions, and the actions we take in the world. The more we know about ourselves, what we need and want, the more we know about what we need and want in our partner, the more successful we will be creating a lasting relationship with our ideal match.”
Dr. Black experienced an extraordinarily difficult and agonizing time when she lost her husband, her true life partner and soul mate. Her wonderful relationship with her husband made her want to get the word out to others that they too can experience this type of rewarding, passionate relationship.
She developed powerful strategies and tips to help people get started on meeting their match, cracking the code to successful relationships.
Understanding the dating process is an important step in beginning a relationship. The dating process has three parts:
-Beginning: Seeing someone across the room, and you are instantly attracted to him or her.
-Middle: Begin dating and observe, listen, and experience. Begin to notice if you want to see more of the other person or not.
-End: This is one of two things, you either stop seeing the person because you are not a good match, or you begin seeing each other exclusively.
Building a relationship starts with us. Understand the four cornerstones of your life:
-Values: The more compatible your values are in a relationship, the stronger and deeper your relationship bonds will grow.
-Vision: Have an idea of where you want your relationship to go, and how you are going to get there.
- Life Purpose: A relationship will be successful only if you know yourself and what you are looking for.
-Mission: You are in control of your own life. Make it your mission to become actively involved in the events and passions of your life. Your ideal partner will see the real you, value you, and cherish you.
Realize that not everyone you date will be a perfect match. Some relationships just do not work out. Tell the other person the truth, and go your separate ways. Know yourself, and you will know if the other person is a match. Always assess, evaluate, listen, and observe.
Once you discover your match, set boundaries; know what you need, what you want, what you like, and your preferences. This gives your partner an idea of how to treat you, and who you are. It reveals how much you have to give. Setting boundaries, honoring commitments, and making agreements are very important pieces of a loving, lasting relationship.
When you and your partner agree to join your lives together, you create a relationship. You are both responsible to guard, protect, and nurture that bond. The way to do that is by making commitments and agreements. Talk to each other about meeting expectations. Begin this by making an Elegant Agreement.
An Elegant Agreement is something you both agree to. It is a win-win situation for both parties. You both know what you are agreeing to, and there is an escape clause. The escape clause is made in case one of you is having trouble keeping the agreement. This gives you the opportunity to renegotiate the agreement and see what works.
The escape clause is not an opting out. Leaving is not an option. It is used to come back into communication and figure out where to go next with the agreement, committing to each other, the relationship, and yourselves. Find the courage to articulate to the other person what you value and believe.
There should be no assumptions and no hidden agenda. All issues should be brought out in the open. Revealing yourself can be a scary process, but the more emotional availability there is in a relationship, the better and stronger it will become.
One simple tactic for communication is the three minute conversation. Get yourself a three minute egg timer and use it to have a conversation with your partner. Every conversation should be able to be completed in three minutes.
This strategy develops listening skills. It feels wonderful to have your partner actually listening to you; it solves problems and gives information. Relationships are mutual. Both partners must look within themselves, and keep communication open.
Following these proactive tips will help you identify your ideal partner, creating a love life that is rich and deeply meaningful. Know yourself. Know who you are. Know who you are not.
About the Author
Dr. Proactive, Randy Gilbert enjoys producing the “Inside Romance Success” show hosted by Kevin Decker, Relationship Coach, who presents his insightful interview with Dr. Jackie Black (DrJackieBlack.com) based upon the techniques from her book. You can hear the entire inspirational interview for free by going to: http://www.insidesuccessradio.com/Guests/DrJackie-Black
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Greenhouse warming has existed for quite some time, arguably since Earth was first formed. Greenhouse gases, or gases conducive to the greenhouse effect, act like a blanket or the panes of glass in a greenhouse’s walls; they reflect the heat the earth would radiate into space back down towards the earth, holding it in. You see, the balance of heat on earth is maintained by different processes. Solar radiation approaches the earth, and clouds and the atmosphere reflect some of it back into space. More radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, clouds, and the surface of the earth. Then the earth radiates the heat back as infrared radiation. To maintain a certain, constant temperature, the rate that Earth emits energy into space must equal the rate it absorbs the sun’s energy. The greenhouse effect’s refusal to allow a certain amount of this terrestrial radiation to pass keeps the Earth’s average surface temperature at about 60°F (15°C). If there were no greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, most of the heat radiated by the Earth’s surface would be lost directly to outer space, and the planet’s temperature would be 0°F (-18°C), too cold for most forms of life (Greenhouse).
There are several atmospheric gases that act as greenhouse gases (GHGs). The most infamous is carbon dioxide, which is emitted through the respiration of humans and animals, the burning of fossil fuel, deforestation, and other changes in land use. Carbon dioxide is the main focus of many greenhouse gas sanctions, since it is the greenhouse gas that has most been released into the atmosphere. However, some other gases may have a greater effect upon climate than CO2. If one examines research into the possible warming effect of other GHGs relative to CO2, one finds that over a 100-year period, there are gases present in far smaller amounts that have a much more concentrated effect. Methane, a gas produced by livestock (flatulence), oil and gas production, coal mining, solid waste, and wet rice agriculture, has 11 times more warming potential per volume than CO2 (Science), or 25 times more per molecule (Clarkson). Nitrous oxide, produced mainly in connection with current agricultural practices, has 270 times more warming potential per volume over this period than CO2 (Science). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the gases used as refrigerants and in aerosol spray dispensers that were banned some time back due to their ozone depletion potential, have 3400-7100 times more warming potential per volume than CO2 (Science). Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), the CFC substitutes, have a slightly smaller warming potential at 1200-1600 times larger per volume than CO2 (Science).
And so, as one might infer, studies are showing that additions of GHGs may cause the earth to get warmer than it naturally would. This is what is referred to as anthropogenic (human-caused) global warming. Many times, the terms global warming and climate change are used interchangeably. (We will do the same, for continuity’s sake.) But, this is not correct and the concepts are different. Climate change includes precipitation, wind patterns, and temperature. It also refers to the whole climate, not just weather conditions of one place. Global warming is an indication of climate change. It is an example of a climate change that has the atmosphere’s average temperature increase. Earth has experienced much warming and much cooling throughout its history. There is a great deal of debate as to whether or not the earth is experiencing a globally warming climate change and, if it is, whether the underlying causes are man-made or natural. Different research has given different results.
However, even when greenhouse gases were arguably at a stable level, before the onset of the Industrial Revolution, Earth’s climate tended to fluctuate widely. A period from 5,000 to 3,000 BC (when civilization began) is called the Climatic Optimum and another period from 900 – 1200 AD is called the Little Climatic Optimum or the Medieval Climatic Optimum, both so named for their unusually warm temperatures. Likewise, a period from 1550 to 1850 is known as the Little Ice Age for its unusually cold temperatures (Pidwirny). At this time, glaciers in southern Norway reached their greatest extent in 9000 years (Keigwin). With such large variations possible, it is difficult to know where the next natural fluctuation could take us. Perhaps those who find that global climate is warming are simply measuring a natural fluctuation. Or perhaps a natural fluctuation is masking the real effect of GHGs on the globe.
Global Warming: Big Questions, Big Research
As mentioned previously, there is a great debate over whether or not humans are causing global warming. Some activists and researchers have resorted to name-calling or accusing the opposing side of having “sold out” to one special interest or another. As mentioned previously, we have attempted to cut away the personal attacks between the opposing sides, search for the kernel of truth (or logic, where truth cannot be discerned), and get down to the heart of the matter.
In order to properly read any of the reports or research on global climate change, one must keep in mind that nothing (or almost nothing) is certain. Everything has a certain degree of uncertainty, a certain flavor of the unknown. There really is no conclusive evidence of global warming, and many scientists in favor of the global warming hypothesis say that it will be a decade or more before it is possible to develop any substantial evidence. As an anonymous senior climate modeler has said about global warming, “The more you learn, the more you understand that you don’t understand very much” (Kerr – Greenhouse Forecasting). Global climate is by nature always fluctuating, and that only adds to the confusion about anthropogenic global warming. If there were an anthropogenic global warming, we couldn’t be sure what temperature we were supposed to be at, as climate shifts are a natural part of life on Earth. Compounding that confusion is natural variability, which is always working to confuse researchers just as they come close to attributing a perceived change in average temperature to some external factor, such as atmospheric composition (GHGs) or solar variation. One reason for this variability is the long adjustment time of the oceans’ heat storage and current systems. It is estimated to take several hundred years for water to circulate from the deepest portions of the oceans back to the surface. This means that if, for example, a pool of extra cold water is singled out and stored in the depths by some freak mechanism, it could stay there a century or two before resurfacing and producing a local, cool climate change (Clarkson, North, and Schmandt).
Since no one can create another Earth (let alone one that behaves exactly like ours) and perform atmosphere-altering experiments on it, we are left with the alternative of theorizing based on observations. In other words, the only way we can purport to know anything about what might be changing in our climate is by playing with data, such as records of temperature, borehole measurements, etc., and seeing what scenarios the data will agree with.
Most of the body of global warming theory is based on computerized climate models called global circulation models or GCMs, for they are almost the only tools global warming researchers have. GCMs are difficult to make as making them properly involves a deep-rooted understanding of the way the atmosphere works and how its actions are interconnected with other planetary bodies, such as the oceans or the terrestrial biosphere. But our understanding of the inner workings of the atmosphere and the ways it relates to other planetary bodies is not very good. Renowned NASA climate modeler James Hansen, the man whose summer 1988 congressional testimony kicked off the climate change debate, states in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: “The forcings [outside factors] that drive long-term climate change are not known with an accuracy sufficient to define future climate changes.” One of the fundamental illustrations of chaos, the butterfly effect, displays the interconnectedness of the atmosphere system when it states that a butterfly fluttering through the air in China could cause rain in New York the following spring.
GCMs are made by formulating mathematical descriptions of the interrelationships between the atmosphere/ocean/biosphere/cryosphere system and conducting numerical experiments. They certainly are unable to form a mathematical description based on the kind of interconnections, or feedbacks, that the butterfly effect would suggest. Indeed, Michael Schlesinger, modeler at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, tells us that “in the climate system, there are 14 orders of magnitude, from the planetary scale–which is 40 million meters–down to the scale of one of the little aerosol particles on which water vapor can change phase to a liquid [cloud particle]–which is a fraction of a millionth of a millimeter.” Of these 14 orders of magnitude, only the two largest (the planetary scale and the scale of weather disturbances) can currently be included in models. Schlesinger notes that, to include the third order of magnitude (the scale of thunderstorms, at about 50 km resolution) a computer a thousand times faster would be necessary, “a teraflops machine that maybe we’ll have in 5 years.” Including all orders of magnitude would require 1036-1037 times more computing power (Kerr – Greenhouse Forecasting).
Because GCMs are so hard to make, often they account for the same processes differently; two models may have two different mathematical descriptions of what effect clouds have on warming, for example. Processes with a resolution smaller than a few hundred kilometers cannot be represented directly in the models, but instead must be parameterized, or expressed in terms of the larger scale motions, since the models do not have the resolution necessary to properly represent the actions of important weather systems such as tropical and extratropical cyclones. To offset this downfall, a few parameterizations (such as horizontal eddy viscosity, large-scale precipitation cumulus convection, gravity wave drag, etc.) are calibrated. Added to these parameterizations are adjustments commonly referred to as flux corrections, and they are an important “fudge factor” for the GCMs. These factors keep the models from floating off into nowhere. As Kerr (Model) stated, “Climate modelers have been ‘cheating’ for so long it’s almost become respectable.” Through these parameterizations, GCMs attempt to represent certain climate features reasonably well, but it is possible that they may be getting the right numbers but have the wrong underlying reason for them. As a result, such models’ ability to simulate climate change properly would be negatively impacted.
Lately, a model has been designed and tested at the National Center for Atmospheric Research to eliminate the flux corrections. This model better incorporates the effects of ocean eddies, not by shrinking the scale, but by parameterization, passing the effects of these invisible eddies onto larger model scales using a more realistic means of mixing hear through the ocean that any earlier model did. This model doesn’t drift off into chaos even after 300 years of running. This model gives a 2oC rise in temperature due to a CO2 doubling. (Some of the more popular GCMs assume that the concentration of CO2 will double in 70 years or quadruple in 140 years and use the assumption to try to predict what the climate will be like in decades or even centuries based on that doubling or quadrupling.) This figure is on the low side of estimates and puts the model’s sensitivity to greenhouse gases near the low end of current model estimates (Kerr – Model).
GCMs are very sensitive to the representations of the effects of clouds and oceans, as their effects are complex and not understood well. While some GCMs are being specially made to simulate water behavior in clouds, limited vertical resolution (i.e., they don’t go up far enough) and coarse horizontal resolution (i.e., the cloud activity of large areas of the Earth is averaged together and this average is used for the entire area) prevent even these models from accurately covering thin clouds and some cloud formation processes. Most early simulations were run with fixed cloud distributions based on observed cloud cover data, but these fixed levels didn’t allow any feedback between cloud distributions and changing atmospheric/oceanic temperatures and motions. Problems in cloud feedback are seen as the Achilles heel of GCMs. Likewise, ocean representations were initially crude; in some early models, a swamp (stagnant, heat-absorbing, heat and water vapor-releasing body of water) was used as the oceanic model. Later models had a 50 meter thick slab of ocean that allowed summertime heat storage and wintertime heat release. While not including ocean currents (caused by the movement of heat to colder areas of ocean), these models attempted to represent seasonal responses to temperature in the upper ocean, but the lack of currents resulted in tropical oceans being too hot and polar regions too cold. Even today’s most sophisticated, computationally-intense climate models are still just numerically experimental approximations of the exceedingly complex atmosphere/ocean/biosphere/cryosphere system. And yet, these GCMs are the basis of global warming theory, if for no other reason than the near-impossibility of conducting physical experiments at the global level (Cotton & Pielke).
The main means of testing these mathematical models of the climate involves taking climate data from previous years, running the programs, and seeing if the computer results are close to the actual present climatic data. The problem there is that the data are not exactly accurate. When the predicted global warming ranges from .5oC to 4oC, data accuracy is important, to say the least. Satellite data (view some) is called insubstantial by some researchers for the short length of its records, but Phil Jones states that the shortness even of global-scale surface temperature records (about 100 years) aids the uncertainty in the field. Interestingly enough, current surface temperature measurements have shown a .5oC warming over the past century, but satellite measurements for the past fifteen years (satellite data has only been available for nineteen years) shows a slight downward trend. Satellite trends in temperature vary smoothly, while in some surface data, one region will appear to be warming while those regions around it appear to cool. According to Dr. Roy Spencer, a NASA scientist, “We see major excursions [from the trend] due to volcanic eruptions like [Mount] Pinatubo and ocean current phenomena like El Niño, but overall the trend is about 0.05 degrees Celsius per decade cooling” (Horack and Spencer). Earlier this year, it was realized that the satellite data needed correction for orbital decay, or “downward drift,” in the satellites that cause erroneous cooling to show in the data. However, even after a careful readjustment the trend is still 0.01oC per decade of cooling, while weather balloons show -0.02 and -0.07oC per decade in Britain and America respectively, and British surface data show a warming of 0.15oC per decade. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate model predictions estimate surface warming to be 0.18oC per decade and warming in the deep layer measured by satellites and weather balloons to be about 30% faster, or +0.23oC per decade. None of the satellites or weather balloons show values anywhere near this, not even when the adjusted satellite record is updated through July 1998 to show a trend of +0.04oC per decade, which is still only 1/6 of the IPCC-predicted rate (Spencer).
Even while the satellites may need adjustments in their data for changes in orbit, this data is still more accurate than surface data. Satellites do not have anything in their surroundings to skew the data. On the other hand, many sources of error exist here on Earth. Things as seemingly minuscule as variation in the color and type of paint used for the instrument shelters can skew data slightly, for different types and colors of paint absorb small but differing amounts of solar radiation. As another example, the urban heat island effect is known to make cities warmer at night and milder during the day. The growth of urban areas during this century has resulted in a 0.4oC bias in the US climate record, making the amount of warming appear larger than it was (Cotton and Pielke). Thomas Karl, climatologist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), demonstrated in a 1989 paper that, if surface temperatures are corrected for the urban heat island effect, the years around 1940 emerge as the warmest, with readings since then showing a downward trend (Crandall). If this bias exists in the global climate data set, its use to represent a wider geographic record for climate change studies will be misleading.
Another largely-ignored factor affecting temperature data is solar variation, or periodic changes in the brightness of the sun based on sunspots and the like. Some climate modelers say that the Sun only varies with an 11-year cycle, and this period is too fast for the climate system to respond to. Hoyt points out that explosive volcanic eruptions have a one to two year long radiative forcing which does appear to affect climate, and so solar variance should have a substantial impact on climate. James Hansen, the famed NASA modeler, put it this way: “Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are well-measured, cause a strong positive (warming) forcing. But other, poorly measured, anthropogenic forcings, especally changes of atmospheric aerosols, clouds, and other land-use patterns, cause a negative forcing that tends to offset greenhouse warming. One consequence of this partial balance is that the natural forcing due to solar irradiance changes may play a larger role in long-term climate change than inferred from GHGs alone” (NASA’s). Current research by Daniel Cayan and Warren White of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography gives evidence that “the waxing and waning of the sun” may be behind current climate change. They studied North Pacific sea surface temperatures for the past 50 years and noticed that their pattern looked remarkably like that of satellite records of solar irradiance (Kerr – New). Based on this, it would seem logical to include these effects in GCMs, but few researchers do.
Moreover, any calculated warming would be reduced by this cooling effect of volcanoes. Even though we cannot predict the occurrence of a volcanic eruption, we have sufficient statistical information about past eruptions to estimate their average cooling effect; yet this is one of several factors not specifically considered by the IPCC (Singer – Scientific) and many other models.
If these models are wrong in their assumptions about climate, then everything that is thought to be known because of them is wrong. If, however, their assumptions are right, but essential factors or effects within the global system are being omitted from study, then GCMs thought to be wrong may actually need only an enlightened tweaking. Unfortunately, enlightenment is difficult to come by in this field. Many, many things are still unknown.
Effects of Global Warming on Our Everyday Lives
Another area where uncertainty rears its head is in the realm of the “real life” effects of global warming. The possible effects of global warming have been played out in the media: hurricanes, plagues, a great increase in sea level, etc. Some scientists refute these claims. But, again, since the climate models can tell us little with much certainty, we can not know for certain if a global warming would have these effects or not.
Some researchers, such as those involved with the IPCC, claim that global warming will lead to an increase in violent storms such as hurricanes and typhoons. But, as S. Fred Singer points out (Scientific), warming should actually lead to a reduction in these storms as the equator-to-pole temperature differences diminish, for it is this atmospheric temperature heterogeneity that drives storms and makes them strong.
Record-breaking temperatures are given by others as a consequence of global warming. But they actually are the consequence of having records to break; on an average day, 2 million square miles (the equivalent of an area 1400 miles by 1400 miles) of the Earth are experiencing weather which breaks 100-year-old records. Indeed, the probability of breaking a weather record is equal to 1/n, where n is the number of years for which records exist (Hoyt).
Some, such as virologist Robert Shope, do say that warming could cause the mosquito carrying dengue fever and yellow fever to migrate northward, causing epidemics in North America. Cholera (which is known to live in sea-borne plankton), he says, could become epidemic in America as changes in marine ecology favor the growth and transmission of the pathogen. Rita Colwell, Paul Epstein, and Timothy Ford, another group of researchers, went a step further and blamed an El Niño warming of the Pacific at least partially for a 1991 Latin American cholera epidemic affecting 500,000 and killing almost 5,000. But cholera is known to spread from humans to other humans through food, water, and feces; this is why cholera epidemics appear when public health and sanitation break down. CDC medical epidemiologist Fred Angulo stated that “We had a powder keg ready to explode, an entire continent in which the sanitation and public water supplies and everything was primed for transmission of this organism once it was introduced,” possibly by ships emptying bilge water near fishing areas. He adds that cholera has been introduced into the US several times in the past few years; it didn’t spread “because we have a public health and sanitation infrastructure that prevents it.”
As for the mosquito-borne diseases, epidemiologist Mark L. Wilson of the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor says that the predictions suffer from many levels of uncertainty. No one disputes that weather patterns have an impact: “There’s reason to believe that if it’s an extremely rainy spring, summer mosquito populations will increase,” but he and his colleagues point out that no one knows just how patterns of temperature and rainfall will change in a warmer world, or how these changes will affect the biology of diseases. Paul Epstein has attributed Latin American dengue epidemics in 1994 and 1995 to El Niño and global warming, but experts on dengue at the Pan American Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say these epidemics resulted from a breakdown in programs to eradicate the specific species of mosquito responsible and its subsequent return. The epidemics once caused by mosquitoes in the US have vanished due to mosquito control, eradication programs, piped-water systems, and lifestyle changes (we have good housing, air conditioning, and television to keep us inside, and screens to keep the mosquitoes outside). They note as an example 1995’s Mexican dengue pandemic that stopped at the Rio Grande, with over 2000 confirmed cases in Reynosa, Mexico, but only 7 across the river in Texas. And so it is a bit early to say, as the IPCC did, that “climate change is likely to have wide-ranging and mostly adverse impacts on human health, with significant loss of life” (Taubes).
It is interesting that there does appear to be an increase in sea level along the coastlines. According to Robert T. Watson, IPCC chairman, “We’ll see sea level rise that could displace tens of millions of people…and whole islands…could be significantly inundated. The shorelines of America could be severely attacked.” But Dr. David Aubrey, oceanographer and senior scientist with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts, states that “I have seen no convincing evidence that recent sea level rises are caused by human effects or global warming” (Hoyt). And even global warming proponents’ estimates have been steadily falling; initially, it was projected by the EPA that an atmospheric CO2 doubling would cause 80-120 inches of rise, but by 1990 the estimate was a quarter of that. In 1996, a UN science advisory panel, predicted a rise of only 15-22 inches by 2100. Even these smaller estimates are quite uncertain, for sea level changes are terribly difficult to measure. Historical data are based on tide gauges, which are mainly from Northern Europe and North America. Long-term trends can be found only after the data is adjusted for waves, storm surges, and tidal variations (Singer – Sky). In addition, the land itself may be rising or falling. The Mid-Atlantic US coast, for example, is falling as a bulge formed by Ice Age glaciers slowly settles, according to the Detroit News in 1996 (Hoyt). The global sea level record as reconstructed and adjusted shows an interesting trend: levels have been rising at about 7 inches per century for several centuries over which much fluctuation of global climate has occurred. It is now believed that slow tectonic changes have caused the steady rise, not the melting glaciers some global warming theorists propose. Incidentally, the World Glacier Monitoring Service in Zurich determined that between 1926 and 1960, when the planet was supposedly cooler than today, 70% of US and European glaciers retreated. Since 1980, however, 55% of those same glaciers have advanced (Carlisle). This would not support the theory that global warming is happening now, it is melting glaciers, and that water is causing a rise in sea level. While global warming may cause mountainous glaciers to melt and a thermal expansion of water, accelerating the natural rise, it also may cause more water to evaporate from the surface of warmer oceans, leading to greater rainfall and a thickening of polar icecaps. Data from the period of warming from 1900-1940 shows a sea level drop, while the subsequent cooler period showed a rise in sea level (Singer – Sky).
Other areas of life global warming has an effect upon are those affected by attempts to stop global warming. Some people (Clark, Kerr – Greenhouse Report) suggest that small changes, such as using high-efficiency compact fluorescent lights, using self-powered or public transportation more often, etc., could make a big impact on the global warming problem (assuming it exists). This would go along with the idea expressed by some scientists that the only actions that should be taken until there is more certainty are those that would (or should) be taken anyway . But will people do these things if they don’t have to? Some other scientists are more pessimistic.
Greater measures are suggested by these people. As Cotton and Pielke state in Human Impacts on Weather and Climate, “Clearly, reductions in CO2 emissions in these countries [the US, China, and the former Soviet Union] will have a significant impact on global CO2 emissions and reduce the chance that human activity will have a significant impact on weather and climate.” In working with such an uncertain issue, one can only weigh one’s risks, look at the costs and benefits of all alternatives, and take one’s most competent guess at what the best course of action is. In the face of all this uncertainty, I would propose a sort of Climatologists’ Wager (a variation of Pascal’s Wager to this issue). Let’s assume for a moment that there is a global warming occurring. If this is anthropogenic global warming and it will have a negative impact on climate and life, then we must take action. If this is not anthropogenic global warming and warming will have a negative effect on climate and life, nothing can be done. If there is no anthropogenic global warming and the warming will not have a negative effect on climate and life, nothing need be done. Likewise, if humans have caused the global warming but it will not have a negative impact on climate and life, no action is necessary.
But there is one other dimension to choosing what to do: assuming that anthropogenic global warming is occurring and it will negatively impact climate and life, one must weigh the costs and benefits of maintaining that risk against the costs and benefits of action. Let us take the Kyoto Protocol as an example. President Clinton signed it on November 12, 1998, but he is waiting to give it to the Senate. This agreement, if ratified by the Senate, would force the US to cut GHG emissions (mostly of CO2) to 7% below the 1990 levels within the next 10 to 14 years. The costs of this mandatory decrease in emissions are substantial. Compliance would cost the US $3.3 trillion from 2001 to 2020, or $30,000 per household. Gas prices are expected to increase by 65 cents a gallon or more. Residents of Michigan are expected to have to pay 77.3% more for home heating oil, 73.5% more for natural gas, and 64.2% more for electricity. Industries and businesses will suffer. It is thought that some of the hardest hit sectors will include energy-intensive manufacturing (such as automobiles, cement, iron, steel, chemicals, aluminum, etc.), transportation, telecommunications, paper and allied products, petroleum refining, and utilities. Wages and salaries would fall, while food, housing, and medical costs rose. The state of Michigan would lose 96,500 jobs (49,800 in manufacturing), $9.3 billion in output, and $3.4 billion in tax revenues, decreasing the ability of the state to provide even more greatly needed social services. It is expected that the jobless rate would reach 5.5% and 1.1 million US jobs would be lost (Novak, Littmann).
This would be a grim picture if these changes were known to be necessary for survival. But a far grimmer picture is one of going through all this economic hardship for an unproven theory, and then potentially discovering that these costly changes really had a negligible effect upon climate and life as a whole. There is no scientific understanding of what GHG level is “dangerous.” How can we, then, regulate what the level should be, not knowing if the danger is above or below the standard we would set? For that matter, how can the 1992 Global Climate Treaty say that its purpose is to “achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (Singer – Scientific)? It also seems a bit funny that only a fast-growing, prosperous society would best be able to afford the extra technology to make itself cleaner, healthier, and safer, but this treaty would certainly not have that effect upon the US economy. In not sanctioning developing countries, Kyoto almost encourages industry to move from the reasonably efficient and well-regulated developed countries to the developing countries, which have few (if any) regulations on pollution. S. Fred Singer has an interesting thought in “Dangers From the Global Climate Treaty”: “This [the Kyoto Protocol] has been rightly labeled a transfer of money from the poor in the rich countries to the rich in the poor countries.” Meanwhile, climate scientists who support the anthropogenic global warming theory say that it is unlikely that the Kyoto Protocol will even temporarily slow the accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere. Jerry Mahlman, director of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at Princeton, states that “it might take another 30 Kyotos over the next century” to cut global warming down to size (Malakoff).
Fact and Fiction:
FICTION: Even if the Earth is warming, we can’t be sure how much, if any, of the warming is caused by human activities.
FACT: There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming over the last 50 years is due to human activities, not natural causes. Over millions of years, animals and plants lived, died and were compressed to form huge deposits of oil, gas and coal. In little more than 300 years, however, we have burned a large amount of this storehouse of carbon to supply energy.
Today, the by-products of fossil fuel use – billions of tons of carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide), methane, and other greenhouse gases – form a blanket around the Earth, trapping heat from the sun, unnaturally raising temperatures on the ground, and steadily changing our climate.
The impacts associated with this deceptively small change in temperature are evident in all corners of the globe. There is heavier rainfall in some areas, and droughts in others. Glaciers are melting, Spring is arriving earlier, oceans are warming, and coral reefs are dying.
FICTION: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts an increase in the global average temperature of only 1.4°C to 5.8°C over the coming century. This small change, less than the current daily temperature range for most major cities, is hardly cause for concern.
FACT: Global average temperature is calculated from temperature readings around the Earth. While temperature does vary considerably at a daily level in any one place, global average temperature is remarkably constant. According to analyses of ice cores, tree rings, pollen and other “climate proxies,” the average temperature of the Northern Hemisphere had varied up or down by only a few tenths of a degree Celsius between 1000 AD and about 1900, when a rapid warming began.
A global average temperature change ranging from 1.4°C to 5.8°C would translate into climate-related impacts that are much larger and faster than any that have occurred during the 10 000-year history of civilization.
From scientific analyses of past ages, we know that even small global average temperature changes can lead to large climate shifts. For example, the average global temperature difference between the end of the last ice age (when much of the Northern Hemisphere was buried under thousands of feet of ice) and today’s interglacial climate is only about 5°C .
FICTION: Warming cannot be due to greenhouse gases, since changes in temperature and changes in greenhouse gas emissions over the past century did not occur simultaneously.
FACT: The slow heating of the oceans creates a significant time lag between when carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere and when changes in temperature occur.
This is one of the main reasons why we don’t see changes in temperature at the same time as changes in greenhouse gas emissions. You can see the same process occur in miniature when you heat up a pot of water on the stove: there is a time lag between the time you turn on the flame and when the water starts to boil.
In addition, there are many other factors that affect year-to-year variation in the Earth’s temperature. For example, volcanic eruptions, El Niсo, and small changes in the output of the sun can all affect the global climate on a yearly basis. Therefore, you would not expect the build-up of greenhouse gases to exactly match trends in global climate. Still, scientific evidence points clearly to anthropogenic (or human-made) greenhouse gases as the main culprit for climate change.
FICTION: Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere fairly quickly, so if global warming turns out to be a problem, we can wait to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions until after we start to see the impacts of warming.
FACT: Carbon dioxide, a gas created by the burning of fossil fuels (like gasoline and coal), is the most important human-made greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide from fossil fuel use is produced in huge quantities and can persist in our atmosphere for as long as 200 years.
This means that if emissions of carbon dioxide were halted today, it would take centuries for the amount of carbon dioxide now in the atmosphere to come down to what it was in pre-industrial times. Thus we need to act now if we want to avoid the increasingly dangerous consequences of climate change in the future.
FICTION: Human activities contribute only a small fraction of carbon dioxide emissions, an amount too small to have a significant effect on climate, particularly since the oceans absorb most of the extra carbon dioxide emissions.
FACT: Before human activities began to dramatically increase carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from natural sources closely matched the amount that was stored or absorbed through natural processes. For example, as forests grow, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis; this carbon is then sequestered in wood, leaves, roots and soil. Some carbon is later released back to the atmosphere when leaves, roots and wood die and decay.
Carbon dioxide also cycles through the ocean Plankton living at the ocean’s surface absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. The plankton and animals that eat the plankton then die and fall to the bottom of the ocean. As they decay, carbon dioxide is released into the water and returns to the surface via ocean currents. As a result of these natural cycles, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air had changed very little for 10,000 years. But that balance has been upset by man.
Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil has put about twice as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than is naturally removed by the oceans and forests. This has resulted in carbon dioxide levels building up in the atmosphere.
Today, carbon dioxide levels are 30% higher than pre-industrial levels, higher than they have been in the last 420,000 years and are probably at the highest levels in the past 20 million years. Studies of the Earth’s climate history have shown that even small, natural changes in carbon dioxide levels were generally accompanied by significant shifts in the global average temperature.
We have already experienced a 1°F increase in global temperature in the past century, and we can expect significant warming in the next century if we fail to act to decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
FICTION: The Earth has warmed rapidly in the past without dire consequences, so society and ecosystems can adapt readily to any foreseeable warming.
FACT: The Earth experienced rapid warming in some places at the end of the last glacial period, but for the last 10,000 years our global climate has been relatively stable. During this period, as agriculture and civilization developed, the world’s population has grown tremendously. Now, many heavily populated areas, such as urban centers in low-lying coastal zones, are highly vulnerable to climate shifts.
In addition, many ecosystems and species that are already threatened by existing pressures (such as pollution, habitat conversion and degradation) may be further pressured to the point of extinction by a changing climate.
FICTION: The buildup of carbon dioxide will lead to a “greening” of the Earth because plants can utilize the extra carbon dioxide to speed their growth.
FACT: Carbon dioxide has been shown to act as a fertilizer for some plant species under some conditions. In addition, a longer growing season (due to warmer temperatures) could increase productivity in some regions.
However, there is also evidence that plants can acclimatize to higher carbon dioxide levels – that means plants may grow faster for only a short time before returning to previous levels of growth.
Another problem is that many of the studies in which plant growth increased due to carbon dioxide fertilization were done in greenhouses where other nutrients, which plants need to survive, were adequately supplied.
In nature, plant nutrients like nitrogen as well as water are often in short supply. Thus, even if plants have extra carbon dioxide available, their growth might be limited by a lack of water and nutrients. Finally, climate change itself could lead to decreased plant growth in many areas because of increased drought, flooding and heat waves.
Whatever benefit carbon dioxide fertilization may bring, it is unlikely to be anywhere near enough to counteract the adverse impacts of a rapidly changing climate.
FICTION: If Earth has warmed since pre-industrial times, it is because the intensity of the sun has increased.
FACT: The sun’s intensity does vary. In the late 1970’s, sophisticated technology was developed that can directly measure the sun’s intensity. Measurements from these instruments show that in the past 20 years the sun’s variations have been very small.
Indirect measures of changes in sun’s intensity since the beginning of the industrial revolution in 1750 show that variations in the sun’s intensity do not account for all the warming that occurred in the 20th century and that the majority of the warming was caused by an increase in human-made greenhouse gas emissions.
FICTION: It is hard enough to predict the weather a few days in advance. How can we have any confidence in projections of climate a hundred years from now?
FACT: Climate and weather are different. Weather refers to temperatures, precipitation and storms on a given day at a particular place. Climate reflects a long-term average, sometimes over a very large area, such as a continent or even the entire Earth.
Averages over large areas and periods of time are easier to estimate than the specific characteristics of weather. For example, although it is notoriously difficult to predict if it will rain or the exact temperature of any particular day at a specific location, we can predict with relative certainty that on average, in the Northeastern United States, it will be colder in December than in July.
In addition, climate models are now sophisticated enough to be able to recreate past climates, including climate change over the last hundred years. This adds to our confidence that projections of future climates are accurate.
Finally, when we report climate projections, we use a range of results from climate models that represent the boundaries of our projections (what’s the least global average temperature could change to what’s the most global average temperature could change) and our degree of certainty of the projections.
FICTION: The science of global climate change cannot tell us the amount by which man-made emissions of greenhouse gases should be reduced in order to slow global warming.
FACT: The U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change states that emissions of greenhouse gases should be reduced to avoid “dangerous interference with the climate system.” Scientists have subsequently attempted to define what constitutes “dangerous interference.” One study (O’Neill and Oppenheimer, 2002) supplies three criteria that could be used:
1) risk to threatened ecosystems such as coral reefs
2) large-scale disruptions caused by changes in the climate system, such as sea-level rise caused by the break-up of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and
3) large-scale disruptions of the climate system itself, such as the shutdown of the thermohaline circulation of the Atlantic Ocean (the Gulf stream), which would result in a severe drop in temperature to Europe.
This study projects that if C02 concentrations are capped at 450 parts per million (ppm), major disruptions to climate systems may be avoided, although some damage (such as that to coral reefs) may be unavoidable.
Current estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentrations likely to be reached without aggressive action to limit greenhouse gas emissions are far higher – from 550 ppm to as much as 1000 ppm in the next hundred years.
FICTION: Because of the uncertainty of climate models, it is extremely difficult to predict exactly what regional impacts will result from global climate change.
FACT: According to the IPCC, certain climate trends are highly likely to occur if greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate or increase: sea level will rise; droughts will increase in some areas, flooding in others; temperatures will rise, leading to heat waves becoming more common and glaciers likely to melt at a more rapid rate.
Regional impacts are very likely to occur, but exactly when and what they will be is harder to predict.
This is because:
1) regional climate models are more computer intensive than global climate models – they take longer to run and are more difficult to calibrate, and
2) many non-climate factors contribute to impacts at regional levels. For example, the risk of mosquito-borne illnesses like Dengue fever and malaria may rise due to increased temperatures, but the actual likelihood of infection will depend greatly on the effectiveness of public health measures in place.
A Better World Climate: How Do We Get There From Here?
As has been stated previously, there are a great many unanswered questions about global warming. We wonder whether or not there really is an anthropogenic global warming or the threat of one because we don’t have the perfect climate model to tell us so. And we don’t have this model because we don’t understand what is going on; we don’t understand how the atmospheric system interacts with the oceans, the terrestrial biosphere, the cryosphere, or any of its other contributing factors. Therefore, the research that should be first and foremost in our minds is that to better understand the rich interrelationships between these bodies as well as the various features of each that may not be well understood. The effect of clouds, for example, on warming and vice versa are not understood very well. Do they simply cool by reflecting heat back to space, or is their role more complex than that? What effect does each shape and size of cloud have? What outside factors have an effect upon cloud formation? And, most importantly, how can we best relate these effects into GCMs?
Likewise, aerosols are in need of study. Do they simply cause cooling by reflecting solar radiation back out into space, or, as one researcher stated, is that effect canceled out by heating through reflection of terrestrial radiation back to earth and give their real cooling effect by fortifying clouds with water droplets, giving them a higher albedo?
Are variations in solar radiation and sunspot cycles behind part or all of the perceived global warming? Could there be changes in the sun’s energy output that would cause warming such as some have observed?
How does the tropical ocean interact with global atmospheric circulation, given that tropical cyclones (hurricanes) form there? Are there any special processes at work there that would affect the global warming theory? Likewise, how do the atmosphere, the ocean, and sea ice interact at high latitudes?
What, exactly, is the terrestrial biosphere’s place in the carbon cycle? How much CO2 does different types of vegetation, soil, or rock absorb? If CO2 is shown to be a substantial problem, would there be any way to make parts of the terrestrial biosphere take on more CO2? What effect would that have on the various ecosystems involved?
And on and on the potential questions go. As can be seen above, there are a lot of different directions global warming research can go in and is going in. All of these would be helpful in trying to better determine the climatic direction we as a planet are headed in. But there is one other dimension to this attempt to better understand global warming: the modeling. Currently, even the most sophisticated and encompassing of the GCMs is incredibly crude and oversimplified compared to the actual atmospheric system and its feedbacks. And so, given new findings in research related to above topics and others, we must continue to update the models. We must keep working on the models, improving them, until flux corrections or “fudge factors,” as they are called, are unnecessary to make them properly predict today’s conditions. As computer technologies continually become smaller and faster and more capable of complex systems, we must keep shrinking the scale of the models and bringing in more variables to account for or better, more detailed understanding of the existing variables. To have a perfect model, every variable, every ocean eddy and sulfate particle would have to be accounted for. While this is improbable as a state of modeling, we can continue to try to better explain what is going on and how things are connected and interrelated by bringing bigger and better understandings of atmospheric intricacies to the modeling table.
Unfortunately for these global climate change researchers, the computer industry is not moving nearly fast enough for this research. In many ways, climatologists are waiting on the computer industry to build more powerful supercomputers so they can make more complex models to take advantage of that computing power. And yet, there is at least a small advantage to waiting: many valuable studies being conducted with innovative, legitimate methods simply haven’t been collecting data long enough to be as useful as possible. Satellite data is a good example of this. If we wait, the data will be better.
And so, we can see that the science behind global warming is far from settled. Much is not known and conflicting theories abound, as they often do in scientific forums. New ideas and new studies keep the science of global climate change going, keep it second guessing itself, keep it looking for newer, better ways to explain what’s going on. In the end, global climate change may be a way for science to prove it can work well even under the most uncertain of circumstances. <!– / message –>
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Besides boosting its concentration with the clinically-proven pore-refin…
This fabulous product minimizes pores and shine instantly. Pores No More contains microspheres which diffuse light providing skin with a smoother and more uniform finish, while absorbing oil to mattify shine. Tips: Use before and after make-up as a “treatment primer.” Works well as quick fix throughout the day to mattify shine….
Hey Everyone, Kyle here, I just want to thank you for checking out my site dedicated to healing acne. I think you’ll really enjoy my story and the information I have about clearing up your skin.
Hey Everyone, Kyle here, I just want to thank you for checking out my site dedicated to healing acne. I think you’ll really enjoy my story and the information I have about clearing up your skin.